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The Giuoco Piano (Italian: "Quiet Game"; ) is a chess opening beginning with the moves: :1. e4 e5 :2. Nf3 Nc6 :3. Bc4 Bc5 White's "Italian bishop" at c4 prevents Black from advancing in the center with ...d5 and attacks the vulnerable f7-square. White plans to dominate the center with d2–d4 and to attack the black king. Black aims to free his game by exchanging pieces and playing the pawn break ...d5, or to hold his center pawn at e5. Common alternatives to 3...Bc5 include 3...Nf6 (the Two Knights Defense) and 3...Be7 (the Hungarian Defense). Much less common are 3...d6 (the Semi-Italian Opening), 3...g6, 3...Nd4 (the Blackburne Shilling Gambit), and 3...f5. == History == The Giuoco Piano is the oldest recorded opening. The Portuguese Damiano played it at the beginning of the 16th century and the Italian Greco played it at the beginning of the 17th century. The opening is also known as the Italian Game , although that name is also used to describe all games starting with 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4, regardless of Black's third move . The Giuoco Piano was popular through the 19th century, but modern refinements in defensive play have led most chess masters towards openings like the Ruy Lopez that offer White greater chances for long term initiative. In modern play, grandmasters have shown distinct preference for the slower and more strategic Giuoco Pianissimo (4.d3). Anatoli Karpov used the Giuoco Pianissimo against Viktor Korchnoi twice in the 1981 World Championship tournament, with both games ending in a draw;〔(Karpov vs Korchnoi, World Ch. Rematch (1981) )〕〔(Karpov vs Korchnoi, World Ch. Rematch (1981) )〕 Garry Kasparov used it against Joël Lautier at Linares 1994, resigning after 26 moves;〔(Kasparov vs Lautier, Linares (1994) )〕 Vladimir Kramnik chose it against Teimour Radjabov at Linares (2004);〔(Kramnik vs Radjabov, Linares (2004) )〕 Viswanathan Anand used it to defeat Jon Hammer in 2010;〔(Anand vs Hammer, Arctic Securities Chess Stars (2010) )〕 and Magnus Carlsen used it against Hikaru Nakamura at London 2011, winning in 41 moves.〔(Carlsen vs Nakamura, London (2011) )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Giuoco Piano」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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